It seems my old links to the Adobe tech documents weren’t as permanent as I would have liked. So here’s the specific quote that I’ve found works the best when trying to fix Photoshop font problems. The full tech document is online over here. (for now)

Solution 10: Delete Adobefnt.lst files.
Search your system drive for “Adobefnt*.lst” to find all Adobe CoolType font list files (for example, Adobefnt05.lst, Adobefnt10.lst) . Delete all found files, and then restart the Adobe application.